![]() ![]() Where I was the original OCTA image and N was the new image formed after substituting the center pixel of each window by the computed fractal dimension of the window. In each DR patient, we evaluated FBS (mg/dL) after a minimum of 8 hours overnight fasting PPBS (mg/dL) blood pressure (mm Hg) body mass index (BMI, kg/m 2) hemoglobin (Hb, gm/dL) HbA1c (%) low density lipoprotein (LDL, mg/dL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL, mg/dL). For every patient, a detailed medical and ophthalmic history was obtained, including the duration of diabetes. Furthermore, OCTA images with significant defects 9 (motion artifacts, projection artifacts, vessel doubling, and/or stretching defects) were also excluded. We excluded the following patients from this study: patients with macular edema, media opacities, refractive error more than ☖ diopters, low vision, renal disease, hypertension, coexisting retinal diseases, large retinal nonperfusion around macula, intraocular surgery performed less than 6 weeks prior to imaging, patients undergoing intravitreal injection treatment, and those who underwent focal laser or panretinal photocoagulation laser treatment less than 6 weeks prior to imaging. A total of 209 eyes of 122 type 2 DM Indian patients with DR (age: 38–80 years female-to-male ratio = 0.51) and 60 eyes of 31 normal Indian subjects (age: 24–60 years female-to-male ratio = 0.82) were included in this study. Written informed consent was obtained from all the subjects before imaging. The research followed the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. This prospective, observational, cross-sectional study was approved by the institutional ethics committee of the Narayana Nethralaya Super Specialty Eye Hospital, Bangalore, India. Spacing between the large vessels in the superficial and deep retinal layers had superior diagnostic performance than overall vessel density. Normal eyes had a significantly lower FAZ area, higher vessel density, and lower spacing between large and small vessels compared with DR grades ( P 0.05). Sensitivity and specificity of vascular parameters were assessed with receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve. Foveal avascular zone area (FAZ in mm 2) vessel density (%) spacing between large vessels (%) and spacing between small vessels (%) were analyzed. Local fractal analysis was applied to the superficial and deep retinal OCTA images. The diabetic retinopathy patients were graded as having either nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR: mild, moderate, and severe NPDR using Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study classification) or proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). To correlate retinal vascular features with severity and systemic indicators of diabetic retinopathy (DR) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).Ī total of 209 eyes of 122 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with DR and 60 eyes of 31 normal Indian subjects underwent OCTA imaging. ![]()
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